Sloan, Samuel (1815-1884)

Birthplace:

Pennsylvania, USA

Residences:

  • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • Raleigh, North Carolina

Trades:

  • Architect

Styles & Forms:

Gothic Revival; Italianate; Queen Anne; Second Empire

Samuel Sloan (March 7, 1815-July 19, 1884), a prolific and influential Philadelphia architect, designed several important buildings in North Carolina, including some of the largest state-sponsored projects in the post-Civil War period. One of the very few nationally important architects who worked in North Carolina in the immediate postwar years, he took on projects and clients that were successors to those associated with New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis in the antebellum period.

Like many 19th century architects, Sloan began his career as a builder. Born in Beaver Dam, Pennsylvania, he obtained a basic education in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and in 1830 was apprenticed to a carpenter and cabinetmaker. According to his biographer, Harold N. Cooledge, Sloan moved to Philadelphia about 1833 to work as a carpenter and builder. As he gained experience, he progressed through the ranks of the building trades and began to identify himself as an architect by 1850. He maintained his practical bent, however, reflecting his early years as an artisan. In the 1840s, Sloan made the acquaintance of Dr. Thomas S. Kirkbride, one of America’s foremost authorities on the treatment of the mentally ill and the functional operation of mental hospitals. The two men became friends and associates, and Sloan took a role in translating the doctor’s theories of patient care into the “Kirkbride System,” an architectural program that became the model for 19th century mental hospital design in the United States.

Gaining a national reputation as one of Philadelphia’s premier architects, Sloan became one of the most prolific architects of his generation. He planned a remarkable number of residences, churches, commercial buildings, schools, and hospitals. He also had a broad influence through his popular publications on architecture and building. He produced such pattern books as The Model Architect (1852-1853 and subsequent editions) and City and Suburban Architecture (1857-1858), and he was the pioneering editor and publisher of The Architectural Review and American Builder’s Journal (1868-1870), described as the first American periodical devoted exclusively to architecture.

Despite his prominence, however, Sloan’s Philadelphia practice suffered a downturn before the Civil War, from which he never recovered fully. Like many architects and builders, he lost business because of the Panic of 1857 and during the hiatus of construction during the war. These problems, coupled with a political scandal about the Philadelphia City Hall competition (1860) and changing tastes and political situations, diminished his patronage in Philadelphia. His most important post-Civil War work was outside of Philadelphia, especially in North Carolina, where he had worked in the late antebellum years.

Sloan’s first major buildings in North Carolina were two imposing churches built in Wilmington on the eve of the Civil War. After the city’s Presbyterian church of 1821 was destroyed by fire in 1859, its congregation commissioned Sloan to plan the new First Presbyterian Church on a newly acquired and prominent site on South Third Street. In the same year, the city’s Baptists also commissioned Sloan to design their large Gothic Revival edifice, First Baptist Church at a prestigious corner on Market Street. To supervise the Baptist church project, Sloan sent to Wilmington his young associate, Addison Hutton, whom he had recently hired as a draftsman and with whom he would later form a partnership. The Presbyterian church was finished in 1861. Work on the Baptist church began in 1859 but was not complete when the church was boarded up in the summer of 1861 because of the war. The massive brick building with its 197-foot spire was finally finished in 1870. For many years its tower was the tallest feature in the city’s skyline.

Sloan’s architectural books also gained an audience in antebellum North Carolina, especially The Model Architect (1852-1853 and subsequent editions). In Greensboro, for example, Dunleith (1856), built for Judge Robert P. Dick as a villa with central tower and front-facing gabled wings, strongly resembles an Italian villa (Design 1) in The Model Architect. It was probably erected by architect-builder W. S. Andrews, who specialized in villas and cottages and cited Judge Dick among his references in 1858. In New Bern, the Green-Guion House (1855-1860) was almost a replica of an “Italian Residence” (Plate 29) in The Model Architect. In Warrenton, local builder Jacob W. Holt adapted a design for “A Village Church” (Design 19) from the same book in remodeling Emmanuel Episcopal Church (1854-1858), and he incorporated features from that book in other buildings as well. Although it is possible that Sloan himself took a hand in one or more of these projects, there is no documentation of his role, and it is most likely that they were copied or adapted from his books.

After the Civil War, although Sloan’s practice in Philadelphia diminished, with Kirkbride’s help he continued to enjoy national prestige as an architect of hospitals. He looked to the South for commissions, especially in areas where he had worked previously. As Wilmington’s economy recovered from the war, Sloan won a major commission in the city, for the Bank of New Hanover (1873). He planned the elaborate 3-story brick bank and office building in a locally novel blend of Gothic and Second Empire styles. The local Morning Herald praised the plans in January, 1873, and predicted the bank would be “the handsomest building in Wilmington, if not the entire state.” Also in Wilmington, Sloan may have designed the Temple of Israel (1875-1876) for the oldest Jewish congregation in the state, employing a Moorish theme considered suitable to its purpose.

In the 1870s, North Carolina began to invest in important new facilities. Sloan took on a number of these projects, which brought him substantial new jobs and also headaches due to erratic funding. The most pressing need—intensified, some said, by the traumas of the war and its aftermath—was for new and larger hospitals for the insane. The state’s antebellum asylum, North Carolina Hospital for the Insane (planned by Alexander Jackson Davis also with advice from Thomas Kirkbride), was woefully inadequate during the early postwar period. In 1875 the General Assembly enacted legislation to enlarge the state mental health system, instructing the building committee to confer with national experts on the choice of an architect. The committee visited Kirkbride, who recommended Sloan. He won the plum commission to plan the Western North Carolina Hospital for the Insane, (1875-1883; 1886; 1890s), a huge facility near Morganton to serve patients from the western region.

The complex was located on a rural hilltop site then three miles from Morganton. Like other such facilities of its era, the site was suitably prominent and convenient to the railroad (the Western North Carolina Railroad, which had recently reached Morganton), while also lying beyond the town on land with a restorative natural setting and the potential for farming. Enriched with architectural elements including Gothic Revival, classical, and Second Empire features, the vast hospital followed an extended E-shaped plan that embodied the Kirkbride functional model. The central administrative core was planned for the superintendent’s quarters and clerical offices, and it was flanked by pavilions and connectors for separate male and female wards, infirmaries, and dining halls. The contract was let in 1875 to established Wilmington contractor James Walker, the builder of Sloan’s Presbyterian church in Wilmington. Money problems delayed completion. Construction was stopped in 1883 with only the central section and one wing completed, and the building filled up immediately. The north wing was built in 1886, and an annex was added a few years later. During its long period of construction, Sloan frequently visited Morganton to inspect the work and consult with Walker on its progress.

With his imposing hospital rising near Morganton, Sloan attracted the attention of Governor Thomas J. Jarvis, and soon had the commission to plan the Executive Mansion in Raleigh. Other commissions soon followed, including the State Exposition Buildings, a large, prefabricated complex in Raleigh, which was built in a matter of months in 1884. The Executive Mansion took much longer.

For the Executive Mansion, in 1883, after long lobbying, the legislature authorized construction, directing that the governor economize by using convict labor from the State Penitentiary as well as brick manufactured at that facility. Sloan arrived in Raleigh in the spring of 1883 with plans for a sandstone and brick edifice described by local newspapers as “artistic,” “ornate,” and “modern.” Seeking further economies, the state contracted for construction with the architect and superintendent of the prison, William J. Hicks, who simplified the design; he also revised the specifications to use primarily pressed brick from the penitentiary factory, only accented with sandstone trim. Cost overruns still ensued, the legislature cut off funding, and construction stopped in 1887. In 1889, however, work began again, and in January, 1891, the mansion was ready for occupancy and received praise for its beauty and convenience and as a “source of pride to every North Carolinian.” Generally symmetrical in form, the mansion combines elements of the Queen Anne, Eastlake, and picturesque cottage styles, giving it a domestic demeanor despite its large mass; the interior features a broad central hallway and is finished with North Carolina woods.

Besides these state government jobs, other projects also came Sloan’s way. Having moved to North Carolina, he was among the preeminent architects residing in the state. For Memorial Hall (1883-1885), the first substantial building at the University of North Carolina after the Civil War, Sloan planned a boldly eclectic hall with an unusual structure of immense wooden arches allowing for an open space to seat 4,000 people. Much admired for a time, in the 20th century the auditorium was castigated as a “monstrosity” and razed. In New Bern, where the old courthouse had burned in 1861, commissioners selected Sloan and his partner Charles Balderston to design their Second Empire style Craven County Courthouse (1882-1884)—the grandest edifice in town since the war—as well as a new jail; both were constructed by local builder John B. Lane. Sloan also gained commissions to design schools in Raleigh and New Bern; a bank for E. B. Borden in Goldsboro; and improvements (as yet undefined) at Peace College and St. Augustine’s College in Raleigh. His buildings encompassed Italianate, Queen Anne, Gothic Revival, and other popular styles. For much of his North Carolina work, Sloan relied heavily on his assistant, A. G. Bauer for drafting and other tasks. As the workhorse of the firm in 1883, Bauer evidently completed all the drawings for the Executive Mansion in Raleigh, Memorial Hall in Chapel Hill, and possibly others.

In July, 1884, Sloan died suddenly as a result of sunstroke, leaving several public and private commissions under construction. These included the Centennial School and St. Mary’s School in Raleigh, the New Bern Graded School, Memorial Hall in Chapel Hill, and others. Bauer continued the firm’s business, and persuaded most of the clients (except E. B. Borden) to allow him to complete the commissions. Bauer also served as consultant to William J. Hicks, who managed construction of the Executive Mansion. In addition, Bauer carried out Sloan’s commissions for the Centennial School and improvements to the National Hotel in Raleigh.

Although Sloan died with several of his major North Carolina works still under construction, he left his mark in the state, providing designs for substantial, modern buildings central to the state’s post-Civil War recovery and its determination to move forward.

  • Catherine W. Bishir, Charlotte V. Brown, Carl R. Lounsbury, and Ernest H. Wood III, Architects and Builders in North Carolina: A History of the Practice of Building (1990).
  • Charlotte Vestal Brown Papers, Special Collections Research Center, North Carolina State University Libraries, Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Bryan Family Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  • William B. Bushong, “A. G. Bauer, North Carolina’s New South Architect,” North Carolina Historical Review, 60.3 (July 1983).
  • William Bushong, North Carolina’s Executive Mansion: The First Hundred Years (1991).
  • Harold N. Cooledge, Jr., Samuel Sloan, Architect of Philadelphia, 1814-1884 (1986).
  • William Reaves Files, New Hanover County Public Library, Wilmington, North Carolina.
  • Tony P. Wrenn, Wilmington, North Carolina: An Architectural and Historical Portrait (1984).
Sort Building List by:
  • Bank for E. B. Borden

    Contributors:
    Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1880s

    Location:
    Goldsboro, Wayne County
    Street Address:

    Goldsboro, NC

    Status:

    Unknown

    Type:

    Commercial


  • Bank of New Hanover

    Contributors:
    Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1873

    Location:
    Wilmington, New Hanover County
    Street Address:

    Front St. at Princess St., Wilmington, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Commercial

    Images Published In:

    Beverly Tetterton, Wilmington: Lost But Not Forgotten (2005).

    Note:

    The image shows the Bank of New Hanover on the left.


  • Centennial Graded School

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, architect; Ellington, Royster, and Company, contractors; Leonard H. Royster, contractor; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1883-1885

    Location:
    Raleigh, Wake County
    Street Address:

    South St. at S end of Fayetteville St., Raleigh, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Educational

    Note:

    The commission for Raleigh’s Centennial Graded School was awarded to architect Samuel Sloan on August 1, 1883, and construction began in November. After Sloan’s death in 1884, the project was completed by his associate A. G. Bauer in 1885. The public school opened in 1876—thus the name—in the old Governor’s Palace (see James Calder) that stood in a prominent position “at the foot of Fayetteville Street.” Notable as an early graded school in the state, Centennial encompassed primary grades through high school. It marked the beginnings of Raleigh’s public school system. After the Governor’s Palace was torn down, the new school was built in 1883-1885, reusing bricks from the previous building. The 1880s school was razed in 1931 and replaced by Raleigh’s Memorial Auditorium (see Atwood and Weeks). See Harold N. Cooledge, Jr., “Samuel Sloan, Architect of Philadelphia” (1986); William B. Bushong, “A. G. Bauer, North Carolina’s New South Architect” (1983); and Murray and Johnson, “Wake: Capital County of North Carolina, Vol. II: Reconstruction to 1920” (2008).


  • Craven County Courthouse

    Contributors:
    John B. Lane, carpenter-builder; Sloan and Balderston, architects; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1883

    Location:
    New Bern, Craven County
    Street Address:

    300 Broad St., New Bern, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Public

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina (1996).
    Peter B. Sandbeck, The Historic Architecture of New Bern and Craven County, North Carolina (1988).

    Note:

    A marble plaque dated 1883 and located on the courthouse reads, “Sloan and Balderston, Architects/ John B. Lane, Builder/ Wm. Hay, Painter.” The previous courthouse burned in 1861, and because of the Civil War and its aftermath, the county did not replace it for several years. Commissioners advertised for plans in 1880 and received completed plans in August, 1882. See Peter B. Sandbeck, The Historic Architecture of New Bern and Craven County, North Carolina (1988).


  • Craven County Jail

    Contributors:
    John B. Lane, carpenter-builder; Sloan and Balderston, architects; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1880-1881

    Location:
    New Bern, Craven County
    Street Address:

    Broad St. and Craven St., New Bern, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Public

    Note:

    An 1882 report by the Craven County Commissioners stated that Sloan and Balderston supplied the working drawings and had the cells and other items for the construction of the jail made in Philadelphia. The construction was “under the immediate supervision of Mr. John B. Lane, master builder and architect of this city” (Sandbeck, New Bern).


  • Executive Mansion

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, draftsman and architect; William J. Hicks, architect and superintendent; North Carolina Car Company, contractors; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1883-1891

    Location:
    Raleigh, Wake County
    Street Address:

    N. Blount St., Raleigh, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Public

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina (2003).
    William Bushong, North Carolina’s Executive Mansion: The First Hundred Years (1991).

    Note:

    For the full story of the development of the Executive Mansion, including the original design by Samuel Sloan and its alterations, see William Bushong, North Carolina’s Executive Mansion: The First Hundred Years (1991).


  • First Baptist Church

    Contributors:
    Addison Hutton, supervising architect; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1859-1870

    Location:
    Wilmington, New Hanover County
    Street Address:

    421 Market St. (at Fifth Ave.), Wilmington, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Religious

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina (1996).
    Tony P. Wrenn, Wilmington, North Carolina: An Architectural and Historical Portrait (1984).

    Note:

    The congregation purchased the lot for the new church in 1858 and sent the minister and a deacon to Richmond, Baltimore, Washington, and other cities to see churches and consult architects. On April 18, 1859, the building committee recommended Sloan as architect to design a church in “Early English Gothic” with two towers, one high and one low. The minister of First Baptist Church recorded stages of its construction, such as: April 16, 1861, “Fort Sumter bombarded all night! . . . the windows on towers of our church raised to-day. So glad.” July 30, 1861, “The doors and windows are being closed and the lumber piled” (quoted in Wrenn, Wilmington, 211-212). In 1996, the tall spire of First Baptist Church was toppled by Hurricane Fran, but it was rebuilt in 1998.


  • First Presbyterian Church

    Contributors:
    Addison Hutton, supervising architect; Samuel Sloan, architect; James Walker, builder; George Wilson, supervising mason
    Dates:

    1859-1861

    Location:
    Wilmington, New Hanover County
    Street Address:

    121 S. 3rd St., Wilmington, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Religious

    Images Published In:

    Susan Taylor Block, Cape Fear Lost (1999).
    Emma Woodward MacMillan, A Goodly Heritage (1961).
    Beverly Tetterton, Wilmington: Lost But Not Forgotten (2005).

    Note:

    Sloan’s First Presbyterian Church was built on a newly acquired site to replace a previous church (1821) that burned in 1859. The 1859-1861 building, in elaborate Gothic Revival style, burned in 1925 and was in turn replaced by the present First Presbyterian Church (1926-1928) designed by Hobart Upjohn.


  • Memorial Hall

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, draftsman and architect; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1883-1885

    Location:
    Chapel Hill, Orange County
    Street Address:

    University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Educational

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    William B. Bushong, “A. G. Bauer, North Carolina’s New South Architect,” North Carolina Historical Review, 60.3 (July 1983).


  • Mistletoe Villa

    Contributors:
    Samuel Sloan, attributed architect
    Dates:

    1883-1885

    Location:
    Henderson, Vance County
    Street Address:

    Young Ave., Henderson, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Residential

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Piedmont North Carolina (2003).

    Note:

    Family tradition reported that the Queen Anne style house, a drastic rebuilding of an antebellum Greek Revival dwelling, was planned by Samuel Sloan. Detailed (unsigned) specifications survive in the estates papers of the client, Ike Young of Henderson. These included detailed specifications for paint colors in reds and greens similar to the original paint scheme at the Executive Mansion. No documentation of Sloan’s authorship, however, has been found.


  • New Bern Graded School

    Contributors:
    Simpson and Brown, builders; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Variant Name(s):

    Second Academy Building; Bell Building

    Dates:

    1884

    Location:
    New Bern, Craven County
    Street Address:

    517 Hancock St., New Bern, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Educational

    Images Published In:

    Peter B. Sandbeck, The Historic Architecture of New Bern and Craven County, North Carolina (1988).


  • Shepard-Nelson House

    Contributors:
    Sloan and Balderston, architects; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Variant Name(s):

    Nelson House

    Dates:

    1880s

    Location:
    New Bern, Craven County
    Street Address:

    NW corner of Broad St. and E. Front St., New Bern, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Residential

    Images Published In:

    John B. Green, A New Bern Album: Old Photographs of New Bern, North Carolina and the Surrounding Countryside (1985).

    Note:

    Documents in the Bryan Family Papers at the Southern Historical Collection reveal that the imposing Second Empire style residence was designed by the firm of Sloan and Balderston in the early 1880s for the elderly widow Mary Speight Donnell Shepard and her family members, who moved into the house in 1883. From its premier location at Broad and E. Front the house overlooked the Neuse River. The family, one of the most prominent in town, included Mrs. Shepard (widow of Charles Biddle Shepard); her daughter Mary Shepard Bryan, son-in-law James A. Bryan, and their son, Charles Shepard Bryan; and her widowed daughter Margaret Shepard Nelson. Correspondence between James A. Bryan and the firm of Sloan and Balderston reveals details of the project. Mrs. Shepard, who died soon after moving into the house, left it to her daughter Margaret, who lived there for many years. It later served as headquarters for the Shriners but was razed in the 1950s when they built a new headquarters here. The house is one of the few known private residences designed by Sloan in NC.


  • St. Mary's School

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, possible architect; Samuel Sloan, possible architect
    Variant Name(s):

    Language Arts Building

    Dates:

    1883-1887

    Location:
    Raleigh, Wake County
    Street Address:

    St. Mary’s Campus, Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Educational

    Note:

    The News and Observer of June 20, 1883, cited a commission for Sloan and published specifications. The Language Arts Building, dated 1887, has features in common with the Executive Mansion; whether it was the work of Sloan or perhaps Bauer after him has not been determined.


  • State Exposition Building

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, architect; William J. Hicks, contractor, architect; North Carolina Car Company, contractor; Samuel Sloan, architect
    Dates:

    1884

    Location:
    Raleigh, Wake County
    Street Address:

    Raleigh, NC

    Status:

    No longer standing

    Type:

    Public

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, Charlotte V. Brown, Carl R. Lounsbury, and Ernest H. Wood III, Architects and Builders in North Carolina: A History of the Practice of Building (1990).

    Note:

    The large, impermanent exhibition building, prefabricated of wood and encompassing 75,000 square feet of exhibit space, was built by the North Carolina Car Company for a state exposition that represented rebuilding and renewal after the Civil War.


  • Temple of Israel

    Contributors:
    Cape Fear Building Company, contractors; Samuel Sloan, architect; Alex Strausz, attributed architect; James Walker, superintending architect
    Dates:

    1875-1876

    Location:
    Wilmington, New Hanover County
    Street Address:

    1 S. 4th St., Wilmington, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Religious

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    Catherine W. Bishir and Michael T. Southern, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Eastern North Carolina (1996).
    Tony P. Wrenn, Wilmington, North Carolina: An Architectural and Historical Portrait (1984).

    Note:

    The architect of Temple Israel has been described as Alex Strausz, based on the report in the May 20, 1875 Wilmington Morning Star that the contract for the symmetrical structure “of the Moorish order of architecture” was given to the Cape Fear Building Company, and was the “original design” of Alex Strausz, a partner in the company. However, other evidence suggests that it was planned by Samuel Sloan: on the 50th anniversary of the Temple, President Marcus Jacobi (whose father was founding president) said the design was obtained from Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia. James Sprunt states in his Chronicles of the Cape Fear that the building was “according to plans drawn in Philadelphia and altered and amended by our townsman, James Walker”. Beverly Tetterton, Helen F. Solomon and JoAnn Fogler, History of the Temple of Israel, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1876 - 2001 (2001).


  • Western North Carolina Hospital for the Insane

    Contributors:
    A. G. Bauer, architect (1886); Samuel Sloan, architect (1875-1883); James Walker, contractor (1875-1883; 1886)
    Variant Name(s):

    Broughton Hospital

    Dates:

    1875-1883; 1886 [addition]; 1890s [addition]

    Location:
    Morganton, Burke County
    Street Address:

    Broughton Rd., Morganton, NC

    Status:

    Standing

    Type:

    Health Care

    Images Published In:

    Catherine W. Bishir, North Carolina Architecture (1990).
    Catherine W. Bishir, Michael T. Southern, and Jennifer F. Martin, A Guide to the Historic Architecture of Western North Carolina (1999).
    William B. Bushong, “A. G. Bauer, North Carolina’s New South Architect,” North Carolina Historical Review, 60.3 (July 1983).
    Harold N. Cooledge, Jr., Samuel Sloan, Architect of Philadelphia, 1814-1884 (1986).

    Note:

    Completion of the Western North Carolina Hospital for the Insane, as designed by Samuel Sloan and with James Walker serving as contractor, was delayed due to financial problems and stopped in 1883, with only the central section and one wing completed. After Sloan’s death in 1884, A. G. Bauer designed the building’s north wing, which was built in 1886. An annex was added a few years later.


    image/svg+xml Durham Greenville Raleigh ChapelHill Fayetteville Wilmington Winston-Salem Charlotte Asheville Goldsboro Greens-boro Edenton New Bern Salisbury Warren-ton ElizabethCity